Sacral region

The sacral region (sacrum) is at the bottom of the spine and lies between the fifth lumbar segment (L5) and the coccyx (tailbone). The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone and consists of five segments (S1 – S5) that are fused together.

Components of the Sacral Region

• The first three vertebrae in the sacral region have transverse processes which come together to form wide lateral wings called alae. These alae articulate with the blades of the pelvis (ilium).

• As part of the pelvic girdle, the sacrum forms the back wall of the pelvis and also forms joints at the hip bone called the sacroiliac joints.

• The sacrum contains a series of four openings on each side through which the sacral nerves and blood vessels run.

• The sacral canal runs down the center of the sacrum and represents the end of the vertebral canal.

A healthy sacral region is rarely fractured except in instances of serious injury, such as a fall or trauma to the area. However, patients with osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis are inclined to develop stress fractures and fatigue fractures in the sacrum.

Back pain or leg pain (sciatica) can typically arise due to injury where the lumbar spine and sacral region connect (at L5 - S1) because this section of the spine is subjected to a large amount of stress and twisting during certain activities, such as sports and sitting for long periods of time.

Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
The sacrum is wider and shorter in women than in men. Young and middle age women are more susceptible to developing sacroiliac joint dysfunction, a condition in which pain typically concentrates on one side of the low back and radiates down the leg to the knee or at times, to the ankle or foot. While the exact root of the pain is difficult to pinpoint, disruption of the normal joint motion between the sacrum and ilium is a likely source of pain arising from either:

• Hypermobility—too much movement in the sacroiliac joint, or

• Hypomobility—too little movement in the sacroiliac joint.

Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is also difficult to accurately diagnose since the pain symptoms resemble those associated with disc herniation and sciatica.  

Coccyx
Unlike the individual vertebrae in other regions of the spine, the vertebrae in the sacral region as well as the coccyx are fused. The coccyx is located at the base of the spine (also called the tailbone) and is composed of four fused vertebrae. Ligaments attach the coccyx to the sacral hiatus at the synovial sacro-coccygeal joint.

Coccydynia (coccyx pain)
When sitting, the coccyx shifts forward and acts as a shock absorber. However, falling on the tailbone or events such as childbirth can lead to coccygeal pain, known as coccydynia. In most cases, the pain is caused by an unstable coccyx, which results in chronic inflammation of the sacro-coccygeal joint. Coccydynia can also be attributed to a malformed or dislocated coccyx and the growth of bony spurs on the coccyx. Women are more likely to experience coccydynia, since the coccyx is rotated and faces backward in women, which makes it more susceptible to trauma.